Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Catcher In The Rye Literary Conflict - 1087 Words

English essay (literary conflicts) Essay question: What is the main literary conflict found in ‘The Catcher in the Rye’? Introduction: J.D Salinger’s bestselling novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ depicts a troubled teenage boy who conflicts with the society of the 1950s. Holden Caufield’s cynical way of narrating the story with his constant criticism about other people and the ugliness of the world, introduces the readers to a judgemental and critical protagonist. ‘The Catcher in the Rye’ was based on Salinger’s life experience after WWII. While Holden disliked the society in the story, Salinger personally disliked the society of how the life after the war was like. The novel illustrates Holden as the opposite of what society expects†¦show more content†¦Holden defies society by not applying himself at school and getting kicked out of different schools numerous times. Apart from getting expelled from Pencey, while he is there Holden does not establish any close relationships with his classmates, or any of the other boys at Pencey. He always finds something bad to say about the people he has connections with, even his roommate Stradlater: â€Å"He was at least a pretty friendly guy, Stradlater. It was partly a phony kind of friendly.† (ch.3 pg.25) Holden does not have any close friendships with any of his peers, even though he occasionally has fun with Stradlater and is nice to Ackley because he feels obliged to, in the end he always has bad things to say about the phony people there. Holden struggles to find a place in society, and struggles to make friends with the critical attitude he has against society in general, and the current world. Holden struggles to fit into society through his relationships with people, similar to his relationships at Pencey, Holden does not get along easily with people because of his opinions conflicting with society’s. Holden’s unreasonable suggestion to Sally, of going to live in the woods together, shows his struggle with society’s plan for people: â€Å"...get a job somewhere and we could live somewhere with a brook and all and, later on, we could get married or something...† (ch.17 pg. 142) Holden has an illogical vision of his future life with Sally. HeShow MoreRelated Comparing A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye Essay example1500 Words   |  6 PagesA Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye The coming of age novels, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflicts, irony, symobolism, themeRead MoreComparison and Contrast of a Separate Peace and Catcher in the Rye1515 Words   |  7 PagesEssay A Separate Peace and The Catcher in the Rye The coming of age novels, The Catcher in the Rye, written by J.D. Salinger, and A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, both interpret the lives of adolescent boys journeying through their conflicts and inner confusion to reach the level of maturity. Salinger and Knowles both discern the literal ways a typical teenager grows up with the help of literary elements such as plot, setting, character development, conflicts, irony, symobolism, theme, andRead Morethe catcher in the rye ENG15011013 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Foundations in English Literary studies (ENG1501) Unique Number: 842634 Assignment 2: Fiction, Literary Criticism and Drama. Question (b): Introduction to English Literary Studies Topic(i): The Catcher in the Rye Instruction First read the third chapter of Introduction to English Literary Studies (â€Å"The Novel†). Then go to p. 102 and answer the questions on The Catcher in the Rye under the heading â€Å"Time to Write†. Task Write a list of things that Holden says in the first paragraph ofRead MoreThe Catcher in the Rye Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper proposes to delineate the characteristics of Holden Caulfield, the adolescent protagonist hero of J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and illuminate the reasons as to why this prototype of brooding adolescence, displaying a rather uber-cool style of disaffection, disenchantment and disillusionment became an indispensable figure of interest, in literary circles as well as popular culture. The paper seeks to take issue with the wider dimensions attached to the ‘incapacitation and debilitation’Read MoreCatcher In The Rye Essay example1672 Words   |  7 PagesLooking In Despite the debate that may wage on regarding the status to be afforded J. D. Salingers writings, the authors books have not quietly faded into obscurity. Although published almost a half-century ago, the authors most famous work, Catcher in the Rye, enjoys almost as healthy and devoted a following today as the book did when it was first published. Because of a self-imposed exile that began almost at the same time the Salingers career was just taking off, much of the substance of theRead MoreCriticism Of Salinger s The Rye1382 Words   |  6 PagesCRITICISM Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye has been into continuous dispute and controversy since its publication in 1951. Some critics think that Salinger s narrative of the human plight is engrossing and enlightening, yet incredibly depressing. The leading character, Holden Caulfield, serves as the basis for critical discussion due to his psychological conflict. Salinger s portrayal of Holden, which encloses incidents of dejection, nervous breakdown, impulsive spending, sexual exploration, andRead MoreJ.D. Salingers Catcher In The Rye and Burr Steers Igby Goes Down1493 Words   |  6 Pages Comparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present inRead MoreHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time1412 Words   |  6 PagesHow Salinger’s Holden Caulfield Relates to Teenagers Throughout Time In 1951, J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye was #1 on the New York Time’s bestseller list. Since then, the American Literary Association claims The Catcher in the Rye is a â€Å"favorite of censors.† The use of harsh language and profanity has been a long time debate of educators causing the novel to be pulled off bookshelves and propelling J.D. Salinger and his protagonist, Holden Caulfield, into reluctant fame. TheRead MoreThe Characterization Of Bildungsroman In The Catcher In The Rye1400 Words   |  6 Pages(Bildungsroman: A Literary Device). In The Catcher In The Rye, the author creates a successful bildungsroman through the characterization of the novels protagonist, Holden Caulfield. Throughout the novel, Holden uses a jarred voice filled with cynicism and the overall tone is clearly depressing. The conflict between Holden and the values of society(Bildungsroman: A Literary Device) is quite clear as he believes that the world of an adult is filled with pain and disappointment. In The Catcher In The Rye, theRead MoreComparative Essay - Catcher in the Rye vs. Igby Goes Down1552 Words   |  7 PagesComparative Essay The Catcher In The Rye by J.D. Salinger and Igby Goes Down by Burr Steers are both displayed as rites of passage texts. The respective protagonists of these two texts are Igby Slocumb and Holden Caulfield. These two characters are both on a journey motif, a journey of self discovery in which they both attempt to find meaning in life and understand societies values and attitudes. The two protagonists demonstrate non-conformity and rebel against the apparent hypocrisy present in

Monday, December 16, 2019

Size Exclusion Chromatography Free Essays

Size Exclusion Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) is the separation technique based on the molecular size of the components. Size exclusion chromatography is a kind of method to separate different size of molecules that put in solution. It was first discovered by two scientists who named Grant Henry Lathe and Colin R Ruthven. We will write a custom essay sample on Size Exclusion Chromatography or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both of them received the John Scott Award for this fabulous invention. There are various applications for Size exclusion chromatography such as biochemical aspect and polymer synthesis. For application in biochemical aspect, this technique can find out the quaternary structure of purified proteins which possess slow exchange times, since it can be carried out under native solution conditions and preserve macromolecular interactions. The reason why we use this technique for purification is Size exclusion chromatography is a low resolution chromatography method as it does not identify similar species very well. It can also test the tertiary structure of protein as it measures the hydrodynamic volume, allowing folded and unfolded versions of the same protein to be distinguished. Besides using in biochemical research, it is able to find the distribution of the sizes of polymer molecules like if a solvent is chose and run, we can create a calibration curve to determine the sizes of polymer molecules in it. It is better to introduce the mobile phase and stationary phase first. Stationary phase is the solid absorbent or the pore(SEC) with solid support that allow sample across through it while the mobile phase is the sample percolate through or along to the stationary phase. In SEC, separation is achieved by the differential exclusion from the pores of the packing material, of the sample molecules(mobile phase) as they pass through a bed of porous particles(stationary phase). For the principle of the SEC, molecules of different sizes can be separated by this technique because of differential time spent inside a solid phase particle which excludes entrance of relatively larger molecules, allows some entrance of medium-sized molecules, and allows free accessibility of the smallest molecules. The particles contain pores with tunnels(stationary phase) in which the size can be controlled depending on the size of molecules(mobile phase) to be separated. Smaller molecules experience a more complex pathway to exit the particle than do larger molecules. Because molecules that have a large size compared to the pore size of the stationary phase have very little entrance into the pores, these larger sized molecules elute first from the column. Medium sized molecules are relatively large compared to the pore size of the solid phase and therefore may find some pores in which they enter and spend some time. Smaller-sized molecules have more pores that are accessible to them and therefore spend more time inside the pores relative to larger-sized molecules. Therefore, smaller molecules elute last and larger molecules elute first in SEC. â€Å"Elute† is mean that the carrier of the mobile phase or the mobile phase from chromatographic bed emerge. For the pore size, which is the important part of stationary phase in SEC, solid phase materials used in SEC are usually classified based on their ability to separate different sizes of proteins. Since size is a difficult item to accurately measure for a large molecule, the solid phase materials are identified with a molecular weight range instead and the weight is equated with size. All compounds with a molecular weight less than or equal to the lower number in the range will see the entire internal volume of the beads resulting in no selection and therefore no separation. All compounds with a molecular weight greater than or equal to the higher number in the range are completely excluded from the inside of a bead and therefore no separation is achieved. Molecules with weights or sizes between these two extremes of the range can be separated. This is the numerical pore size range reported for each solid phase material used in SEC. The pore size used for a separation is dependent on the size range of the particular set of molecules to be separated. Smaller pore sizes are used for rapid desalting of proteins or for protein purification. Intermediate pore sizes are used to separate relatively small proteins. Very large pore sizes are used for purification of biological complexes. For the factor that affect the SEC, first, the particles in solution do not have a fixed size, resulting in the probability that a particle that would otherwise be hampered by a pore passing right by it. Second, the stationary-phase particles are not ideally defined, both particles and pores may vary in size. . The stationary phase may also interact in undesirable ways with a particle and influence retention times, though great care is taken by column manufacturers to use stationary phases that are inert and minimize this issue. Third, increasing the column length will enhance the resolution, and increasing the column diameter increases the capacity of the column. Proper column packing is important to maximize resolution: An over-packed column can collapse the pores in the beads, resulting in a loss of resolution. An under-packed column can reduce the relative surface area of the stationary phase accessible to smaller species, resulting in those species spending less time trapped in pores. Unlike affinity chromatography techniques, a solvent head at the top of the column can drastically diminish resolution as the sample diffuses prior to loading, broadening the downstream elution. The advantages of this method include good separation of large molecules from the small molecules with a minimal volume of eluate, and that various solutions can be applied without interfering with the filtration process, all while preserving the biological activity of the particles to be separated. Second, the technique is generally combined with others that further separate molecules by other characteristics, such as acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compounds. Third, with size exclusion chromatography, there are short and well-defined separation times and narrow bands, which lead to good sensitivity. The SEC is separated rapidly. Then, there is also no sample loss because solutes do not interact with the stationary phase. The stationary phase doesn’t have any absorbent that nteract with the sample and carry out the reaction with the sample. For the disadvantage of the this method , first is the molecular mass that we need to know. The SEC separation is base on the molecular size/ weight, like the gel electrophoresis. It is required to know that there are the range for different of the molecular size. If the difference of the molecular size in the mobile phase, it is not recommended to use this separation. So, before using the SEC, the molecular size o f each sample in mobile phase are required to identify. In addition, the accommodated of SEC is limited. The mobile phase can not be too big. The time scale of the chromatogram is short, and, in general, there has to be a 10% difference in molecular mass to have a good resolution Also, the pore size need to be determined, too small size or too big size will lead to the failure of the separation SEC. In the world, the chromatography is the separation of the sample base on the polar, size, acidity, basicity, charge, and affinity for certain compounds†¦ Size Exclusion Chromatography is the one of the chromatography that base on the size of the sample, which is similar to the principle of gel electrophoresis. One different point is the stationary phase, which is the column with the pores of the particles. Reference: (http://www. separations. us. tosohbioscience. com/ServiceSupport/TechSupport/ResourceCenter/PrinciplesofChromatography/SizeExclusion/) (http://www. asdlib. org/separations_pdfs/Size_Exclusion_Chromatography_Separations_Module-finalversion. pdf) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography),goldbook How to cite Size Exclusion Chromatography, Essay examples

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Joseph Nyes Soft Power and Hard power free essay sample

In the field of International Relations, Joseph S. Nye Jr. has developed a theory about the concept of power he coined ‘soft power’ in his 1990 book Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. A former United States assistant Secretary of Defense, and Dean of Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government as well as the chairman of the US National Intelligence Council, Joseph S. Nye Jr. is a political scientist. Considered to be the National Security Advisor during the 2005 United States presidential election, Nye is one of the most recognized liberal theorists in the field of International Relations and foreign policy. More than four decades ago, Nye has published many works where the predominant theme is about the notion of power and success in world politics. Nye’s most recent publication was The Future of Power in 2011, however his most influential work, apart from the book he co-authored with Robert Keohane, Power and Interdependence (1977) , was Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. In his 1990 book, Nye describes what the concept of ‘soft power’ with regards to the international relations and domestic affairs for nations. According to Nye, the nature of power is much easier to ‘experience’ than to conceptualize, and this is evident when he wrote, â€Å"†¦Power is like the weather. Everyone depends on it and talks about it, but few understand it†¦we first need to recognize some basic distinctions among the terms power. † Traditionally, in international politics the â€Å"strength of war† was seen as the only determining factor of great power. However, over time the world has changed, developed and improved, especially through technology and globalization. Similarly, the sources of power have also changed in regards to the type. Nye explains ‘soft power’ as a method that involves â€Å"attracting others to your agenda in world politics†¦getting others to want what you want,† essentially to obtain an outcome in â€Å"you want. † To provide further context on the theory of ‘soft power,’ Ernest Wilson’s proposes, â€Å"in international politics, having ‘power’ is the ability to influence another to act in ways in which that entity would not have otherwise acted. † Furthermore, Nye outlines that the general concept of the theory is that rather than a country using ‘hard power’ threats, such as Military power and economic power. This paper will address both the benefits and drawbacks associated with the implementation of ‘soft power’ by analyzing its impact on American power, the United Nations, and the significance of the theory’s reformation into ‘smart power. ’ In international affairs, ‘soft power’ is most widely held definition and now used commonly used among political leaders, and academics. In addition to ‘soft power,’ Nye expanded on the theory; moreover the definition of power had a wider-range than simply one type of power. In contrast to the theory of ‘soft power is hard power,’ which Nye claims, are the use of the Military and how good a country’s economy is. Recently, Nye has coined and created another concept from combining both ‘soft power’ and ‘hard power,’ he calls it ‘smart power. ’ The first section of this paper will analyze the impact of the theory of ‘soft power’ on the US, and whether the use of ‘soft power’ over ‘hard power’ is effective. The second issue this paper will examine is how the international stage is affected by the theory of ‘soft power’ through studying the role of the United Nation. The last section of this paper will discuss what the causes are behind the gradual development of the theory from ‘soft power’ to ‘smart power’ and whether the change is good or not. II. The Impact of Soft Power in the United States In the United States, ‘soft power’ has been exclusively used and successfully employed in America. The international political context, the US’s ‘sheer might’ is undeniably apparent and Nye states, â€Å"no opposing army would dare to challenge it on a level playing field. † Although this statement contends that due to America’s use of ‘hard power’ it will essentially be able to do whatever they please, and receive the outcomes they choose. Many International Relations theorists talk about power and politics in terms of ‘hard power. ’ The term ‘hard power’ refers to tangible materials; such as the Military and how many tanks a country has, for example. However, according to Nye, American cannot operate solely with its ‘hard power’ if it expects to successfully influence its interests around the world. In fact, as America’s strong Military power has increased, â€Å"its ability to persuade is at low ebb in many parts of the world, even among its oldest allies. † Therefore, it is safe to assume that in order for the US to further excel its dominant power globally, the country should consider the possibilities of using soft power’ rather than ‘hard power,’ or combining both resources. Consequently, there are other means and sources of power from which the US has the potential to influence their interests to others successfully. Under some American leaders, the design and model of the American foreign policy has been operating under a flawed perception of good conduct and is in need of repair. Although the US appears to be lacking considerable ‘soft power,’ under the current Presidential Administration, the US has attempted to supplement ‘hard power’ for ‘soft power. ’ For example, the Peace Corps (PC) and voluntary private organizations (PVO) have helped increase US ‘soft power’ by delivering new sources of power. Specifically, the PC and PVO join forces and create Peace Corps Volunteers (PVC) who share their cultural or ideological values with others, for example human rights, and influence others to wanting similar things. In turn, the significance of using this form of ‘soft power’ increases positive attention, but more importantly the power of the US on an international level is raised or increased. Therefore, the theory of ‘soft power’ creates a positive impact for the US and helps plays a major role in determining the country’s position, in regards to power and authority. Conversely, challenges have been brought upon Nye’s ‘soft power’ from critics arguing that no government can achieve influence over other countries or implement its aspirations without ‘hard power,’ more so military power. According to realists, such as Hans Morgenthau, soft power cannot deal with almost every world threat. For example, the recent intervention of the American foreign policy in the Middle East did not aid the US increase power, but rather in these cases the use of ‘soft power’ backfired. This is evident in the fallout in Libya, Yemen, and Egypt. The unintended consequences in Libya of the attack on the US consulate on September 11, 2012, resulted in the death of Ambassador Christopher Stevens and four other American embassy staff. The situation in the Libya and the Middle East is an example of how the efforts of Obama’s Administration to incorporate ‘soft power’ tactics were ineffective. However, other ‘moral realists’ assume that hard power alone is â€Å"self-defeating, and that and that nothing imperils Americas global stature so much as the amoral drift of U. S. foreign policy under the sway of multinational corporatism. † Whereas other cases suggest that using ‘soft power’ identifies a sense of weakness in a country political ability to obtaining their goals and may not always produce the desired outcomes. Ultimately, governments have the choice whether or not to follow the model of ‘soft power’ and learn to effectively use it to obtain the outcomes they desire. III. Soft Power and International Politics When Joseph Nye, Jr. introduced the concept of ‘soft power’ he did not limit the theory to the US or other similar strong nation. He noted that the notion of ‘soft power’ could be developed more â€Å"credibly abroad. † After the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, ‘soft power’ has significantly become increasing in importance on a global scale around the world. With respect to international politics, Nye argues that there cannot be â€Å"global stability without the help of others† and the cooperation of international institutions, such as the United Nations. With no military forces of its own and a fairly low financial budget, it would seem the United Nations was an international institution built entirely on the foundation of relying on borrowed ‘hard power’ from other states. Created in 1945, the United Nations replaced its predecessor the League of Nation that failed in the 1930s, and acted as â€Å"the servant of its member states†¦protects the sovereign jurisdiction of its members. Designed to undertake the role of ‘policemen’ to enforce national, and collective security it was evident that the UN had and abundant influence of ‘hard power. ’ Evidence of the impact of the UN’s ‘ hard power’ was demonstrated in the exceptional cases that were the Korean War and first Gulf War. Nevertheless, the UN also has substantial international influence on countries through its use of the concepts of ‘soft power. ’ For example, the UN has the ability to â€Å"legitimize the actions of states† especially with respect to permitting or accepting an authority’s use of power. For example, according to Nye, the invasion of Iraq by the US Military sanctioned by the Bush Administration in 2003 could not have prevented. Undeniably, the UN remains a significant source of power and legitimacy around the world. Moreover, in terms of the international implications of Nye’s ‘soft power,’ the UN has demonstrated how useful soft power has been. Particularly, when used towards great powerful nations like the US. Albeit there are some limits to the UN’s ability and actions under ‘soft power,’ the concept is very much real, and deserves to be partly credited for the UN’s sustainability. IV. Evolution of Concepts of Power After the significant formulation and implementation of the theory of ‘soft power,’ Nye continues to develop his theory further. Originally, Nye separated the notion of power to be studied as two different ‘types’ – hard and soft. However, now the attention has shifted towards a newer principle, which he calls ‘smart power. ’ The CSIS: Commission on Smart Power report describe ‘smart power’ as, â€Å"developing an integrated strategy, resources base, and tool kit to achieve American objectives, drawing on both hard and soft power. † The notion of soft power is that it is not necessarily ‘hard power’ or ‘soft power. ’ The assumption under this approach, Nye emphasizes the importance of having both a powerful military, as well as â€Å"heavily invested in alliances. † Since the introduction of ‘smart power,’ it has received continuous interest and attention. A reason why ‘smart power’ is to be taken seriously and considered an effective instrument is evident in the US politics. Wilson suggests, ‘the most obvious reason to reflect seriously on smart power is because of the widely perceived shortcomings of the policies of the U. S. administration over the past seven years. † There is a universal notion that the foreign policies under the Bush Administration were not ‘smart. ’ As a consequence, the security interests of the US have been compromised, along with â€Å"unprecedented resentment† from the global community, which ultimately weakened the US’s position in power. However, according to the CSIS Commission’s report, the US regained the framework of power dominance as well as became a ‘smart power’ because the country invested in the â€Å"global good† V. Conclusion Political Science analyst, Joseph S. Nye, Jr. was a very influential International Relations theorist who created the theory of ‘soft power’ from the notion of ‘hard power,’ and further improved the concept of power by developing ‘smart power. ’ The notion of ‘soft power’ has been the critical problem-solving model for a variety of issues, for example, the global economy, and terrorism. Overall, Nye’s concepts of power play a vital role in all areas of study. The notion of ‘soft power’ has had it’s weaknesses from critics about the theory being misappropriated to mean insufficient power or a sign of weakness, nevertheless, ‘soft power’ has evidently been strong for many countries, in particular the United States. Ultimately, Nye’s concept of ‘soft power’ has proven to be more of an effective tool than not in international relations.