Mayan Civilization and ruins

Since the dawn of mankind, there has always been civilizations have that have made a lasting impression on the world. There very few civilizations that have been that have achieved the term greatness associated with it and ‘Mayan civilization’ is one of the rare few. It can be dubbed as one of the longest serving civilizations of the ancient times as it is noted that it started around 1000 B.C but ended by 1500 A.D. It was considered as they were one of the most advance civilizations on the western hemisphere until the arrival of the Europeans. This civilization was located in Central America and was found from the north central down to the southern part of Mexico. This was a civilization that went through periodical changes in its living due to external factors associated with it. This Native American culture is noted in the history as one of the advance civilizations of that era. There has been a popular belief that has been associated with the Mayan civilization that it was an amalgamated empire. In actual terms it was a whole host of divided units having a common cultural background. The entire ‘Yucantan Pennisula’ had around 20 states which were all ruled by different sovereign leadership, but on an inventive logic, they were a nation on their own with religion being an important aspect of their lives. Since the Mayan civilization was spread on a large area, the geographical conditions for the civilization varied with extremities, which can adjudged from the fact they had volcanic mountains from the highlands in the south to porous limestone areas dominating the central and the northern regions of the civilization. Mayan civilization can be categorized into three categories, pre-classic period, classic period and post classic period. The entire culture has revolved and evolved around these three periods. The civilization had huge forests and because of the diversity of the topographical situation of the civilization, varied no of animals like the ‘caiman’, a fierce kind of crocodile to different kinds of monkeys was found. Mayan pre classic period This was supposed to be the period of formulation in which the population boomed and new innovative techniques were made for agriculture. The leaders were chosen from strong spiritual backgrounds and it was considered as that the lowlands of the civilization held acute importance because it was supposed to be a ceremonial centre. The following will explain the Mayan professional inclinations and techniques: ‘In the Preclassic period, they adopted intensive farming techniques such as continuous cultivation involving crop rotation and fertilizers, household gardens, and terraces. In some areas, they built raised fields in seasonal swamps. Their main crops included maize (corn), beans, squash, avocados, chili peppers, pineapples, papayas, and cacao, which was made into a chocolate drink with water and hot chilies. Rabbits, deer, and turkeys were hunted for making stews. Fishing also supplied part of their diet. Turkeys, ducks, and dogs were kept as domesticated animals. When they were not hunting, fishing, or in the fields, Maya men made stone tools, clay figurines, jade carvings, ropes, baskets, and mats. The women made painted pottery vessels out of coiled strands of clay, and they wove ponchos, men’s loincloths’ (Encarta) Mayans were very much influenced by spirituality and had gods for almost every thing that even included gods for rains, good harvest. As time passed by the study of astronomy became popular in that era leading to studies of astrology on the basis of sun moon and other planets. Major edifices were constructed then like ‘kaminaljuyu’ and ‘tikal’ were constructed which were pyramid shaped high temples, where the system of sacrifice was started to be used. More and more massive pyramids started building in that era and the priests started enjoying super powers. Women weren’t that important from political point of view and it was a very rare sight to see women on top chieftain positions. Mayan Classic period This was an era of the Mayan civilization that can be considered as its prime era and here the system of king and kingship started which had a system of the king’s family continuing as future leaders. There was also a hierarchical system in which the government functioned.   There was major research done in the field of medicine and writing was developed extensively. The subject of astronomy had become more enhance with calculative movements predicting rains to fortune to the cities.   This was the time when societies had turned into complex models the king was noted the highest figure after which there were the priests and then the nobles who mainly responsible for protecting land and attacking enemies. This was the time of more gore and violence and mini wars were constantly waged between one and other. What mad this era special was the Mayan civilization themselves started noting rituals and their history with their elaborative writing skills. The transition of power from generations to ethical rituals along with its architectural secrets was all jotted down on stone and wood. Later on folding tree books were made as they were more handy then carrying stones. Due to the high humidity and invasions, these books didn’t survive and only 4 books are known today, i.e., the Dresden codex, the Madud coded, the Paris codex and the Grolier codex. The learning also was limited to mostly priests and few nobles and a monopoly was played so that only few people could learn and use their knowledge on others. The writing also consisted of mostly pictures and pictography was first devised by Mayan civilization for learning purposes. This was also an important era that marked trade as an important aspect of the civilization. Sacrifice was an important aspect for the culture and the following would hard line the fact of Mayan civilizations involvement in sacrifices:‘Indian pictorial texts known as â€Å"codices,† as well as Spanish accounts from the time, quote Indians as describing multiple forms of human sacrifice. Victims had their hearts cut out or were decapitated, shot full of arrows, clawed, sliced to death, stoned, crushed, skinned, buried alive or tossed from the tops of temples. Children were said to be frequent victims, in part because they were considered pure and unspoiled. The first researchers tried to make a distinction between the ‘peaceful' Maya and the ‘brutal' cultures of central Mexico and But in carvings and mural paintings, he said, â€Å"we have now found more and greater similarities between the Aztecs and Mayas,† including a Maya ceremony in which a grotesquely costumed priest is shown pulling the entrails from a bound and apparently living sacrificial victim’ (Mark Stevenson). Mayan post Classic period This can be considered as a time when the decline of the Mayan civilization started step by step. Since the governments had become much segmented, there was more violence and war during that phase, where entire villages would get destroyed in the name of war. There was also the Toltec domination followed by Spanish invaders taking over Mexico by the early 16th century.   This was however the phase of having plastered walls and painted murals. Socially the civilization had peaked and it was mandatory for guests to bring in gifts while visits. Slave culture flourished in this era and slaves which were mostly people who were captured from wars were highly mistreated and often sacrificed after their masters dies, as they had an ideology that they would serve their masters in afterlife. Mayan Ruins Ruins of Mayan civilization can still be found it the entire peninsula. Their culture had so many architectural advancements that it is today possible to watch quiet a lot of their ruins and gather more information about them. Ruins like ‘the temple of the inscriptions’ in Mexico and the ‘palenque’ are very prominent ruins of the civilization. The former rises 75 feet and it is rested neatly over a hill and is one of the prime examples free standing pyramids. Another site in Mexico located in Coba, was built around 4 large lake structures and had been inhabitant for more than thousand years. The biggest pyramid of that site 120 feet and is known as Nohoch Mul. The following piece will explain the beauty and architectural genius of the civilization: ‘Miguel à ngel Asturias, named Nobel Laureate in 1967, wrote â€Å"Only Guatemala is comparable to itself,† describing it as â€Å"a land of natural dreamscapes†¦mysterious presences and absences.† Tikal, the largest known Mayan city, is incomparable in the same way; its size imposing and intimidating, its setting lush and teeming with wildlife, and with a mysterious and overwhelming atmosphere best described in the writing of Asturias’ Works Cited: 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Encarta, â€Å" Mayan civilization†. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mark Stevenson, â€Å"Evidence may back human sacrifice claims†. http://www.livescience.com/history/human_sacrifice_050123.html 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maya Ruins, â€Å"Photos of Tikal†. http://www.mayaruins.com/tikal.html 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/Ruins_of_the_Maya_Civilization.htm                     

The Coexistence of Life and Death in Baraka, by Ron Fricke

The coexistence of life and death in Baraka, by Ron Fricke Why do people crowd a city and create problems for themselves? In 1992, Ron Fricke released the film Baraka, a film with no dialogue, and an inspiring soundtrack played over provocative scenes, typically comparing natural humans in their habitat to human damage and crowding. In two scenes, a big, dirty apartment complex is shown in contrast to a large, unclean cemetery, creating juxtaposition between the two. In the first scene, there are numerous buildings, showing that as the world population increases, conditions worsen as humans fight for space. The Kowloon walled city has a twisting series of stairways, alleys, and cat walks. These buildings, wrapped around an old military fort, are all at least 10 stories high, and dotted with clothes lines, water barrels and trash. The site was evicted and demolished in 1992. In the distance, a bustling city pays no attention to the stained, dirty concrete buildings, where 33,000 occupants face daily poverty in 250 square foot apartments. What is the result of such overcrowding? The industrial revolution of the 19th century showed us the answer. A substantial amount of residents lived around the factories, to shorten their commute. As population density increased, conditions soon became deplorable. To solve this problem, 19th century leaders introduced public transportation, which spread people out, and created a sustainable environment. In a following scene, the camera pans out to La Ciudad Blanca, Ecuador, an enormous grave yard, with multi level complexes of dirty white graves. Each grave has a personal adornment, from their loved ones. From candles to pictures, the decorations make every box look a little more humanized. It is strangely beautiful, with the messages and the grass growing through cracks in the pavement. This scene shows that as a world, when we get overcrowded, we must overcrowd other aspects of life. This really shows that death is a part of life as life is a part of death. These two juxtaposed scenes show how overcrowding is an issue and it’s hard to put a face on a statistic. The idea of putting a huge city and a huge cemetery together makes a point, that the present city solution has been adopted in cemeteries. The cycle of poverty comes into play, when so many are trapped in one place, with no room to improve; they end up in the same spot after life, and leave their children in the same rut. This idea was explored in Sandra Cisneros’s book, The House on Mango Street, where Esperanza realizes the only way out of the cycle is through hard work and higher education. The film Baraka teaches us many lessons, including the fact of overcrowding, and the harm it has caused, and will cause. In the walled city, thousands of people went without basic sanitation, and lived in 250 square feet or less, often working all day to provide for there families. When trapped in this cycle, you will end up in the same state of poverty as you were in during life. Hard work is the key of success and getting out of poverty.

To what extent does the variety of capitalism prevailing in a Essay

To what extent does the variety of capitalism prevailing in a particular economy determine the choice of HR policies by organisations in that economy Give re - Essay Example Hall and David (2001) agree with this idea completely since they place the firm at the centre of economic activity in any society. HR and Business related activities like training and education of labour, bargaining with unions, capital and asset acquisitions, even interactions with other companies are connected with the flavour of capitalism used in the economy. Naturally, firms in the country would tend to move towards a system which has inherent support from the national institutions and the government. Over a long period of time, the business processes and the HR policies would become mirrors to the methods used by the political and social institutions of the country. The history of capitalism itself is quite recent since during the 1960s, the word ‘capitalism’ was not prevalent in academic discussions. In fact, it was used by Russian and Chinese Communists to describe the economies of the western nations. During those times, the Conservatives talked about ‘free enterprise while the liberals used the term ‘mixed’ economy and anyone who put forward the idea that the economics of the society is the fundamental guiding principle of production and government were seen as materialists (Block, 1999). With time, the New Left took the term capitalism and applied it to the economies which stand in America, Canada, a large part of Europe and some parts of Asia. During the 1980s and 1990s, a lot of development took place in economic theory in international terms and economists began to see varieties of capitalism itself. The neo-liberal viewpoint that there is only one system of Capitalism in the world is put in doubt when examples are seen from Germany and Japan. One can see unionists sitting on the corporate boards of German companies and Japanese companies tend to focus more on stakeholders and employees than shareholders and clients (Block, 1999). At the same time, when the term ‘capitalism’ is used,

Money Management Finance and Accounting Assignment

Money Management Finance and Accounting - Assignment Example Management of Money: Discussion on the Case: As the case represents, the individual concerned has retired and he has $500,000 saved with him that he can use either for investment or for any other purpose. Either a yearly pension from a life insurance company may prove to be beneficial for him or the individual may manage the wealth himself by investing in a bank. The purpose here is to determine which approach would be more beneficial for the individual after his retirement. Case 1: Yearly Pension from Life Insurance Company: In case of life insurance companies, depending on the age and life expectancy of the individual the insurance company may decide on the pension amount that can be paid to the individual (A Basic Lesson in Immediate Annuities). It is assumed that the individual is a male and his age is 60 years. He has an amount of $50,000 to invest. If he invests the money in a life insurance company, several options of income payment may be available to him. The highest amount that he may receive is $8,455 on a monthly basis on the plan of â€Å"Guarantee Income for a 5-Year Period Certain Only† (Estimated Quotes for a Single Life Annuity). ... Case 2: Managing Own’s Wealth: The individual might even decide to plan and manage his own wealth. If he wants to deposit the amount in a bank and withdraw a certain amount every year, he would have an interest payment for himself that he will receive on the amount he has deposited. A total savings of $500,000 might expect to receive an amount of $25,000 in a year from the portfolio of income. This amount may be received if the annual rates of returns are 7 percent or 8 percent and the individual withdraws, say 5 percent on the amount. Withdrawing an amount of more than 5 percent may create troubles for the principal amount and increase risk for the individual (Generating Income from a $500,000 Portfolio). Thus if an amount of $25,000 can be received through bank investment, then monthly returns are expected to be $2083. Comparison: If the two cases are compared it can be realized that the amount that the individual may receive from a life insurance company is much higher than the amount received from a bank investment. Even the minimum amount that a life insurance company can provide the individual with is $2520 which is more than the amount of $2083 that can be expected from a bank investment on a monthly basis. In addition to the higher amounts that a life insurance company may pay off to its customer, it also provides facilities for the family members of the individual depending on the plan that the individual selects for his investment. Thus, even after his death, his family members may receive the deserved amounts that might prove to be beneficial for their wellbeing. Thus comparing both the investment options available to the individual

Case study on driving Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case study on driving - Research Paper Example 12). The research design addressed the research inquiries and depicted its approach with level-headedness in that John erecting the sign might definitely be a criminal offense since he has not done any research on the topic, and at the same time, the action may be a risk to other drivers (World Touring and Automobile Organization, 1953 p.25). John should also get permission from the necessary authorities to erect or not erect because there are rules that govern erecting signs. The apposite methodological literature includes relevant legislation, cases, as well as journal articles (Great Britain, Northern Ireland, Scotland & Wales, 2006 p. 24). The research context offered justification of the research setting with background data, which included the fact that many accidents have taken place within the vicinity of schools because of the erection of so many signs, insufficient space amid signs, as well as no provision of a lucid view for other road users (Hands, 2002 p14). All these ac tions have led to the impeding of other signs, which does not give the road user enough time to make necessary decisions, as well as securely implement any required maneuver (Organisation de coope?ration et de de?veloppement e?conomiques, 2004 p. 13). The research sample utilized was purposive sampling to select the target populace because the researcher was only interested in individuals who were concerned if John would put up the sign or not. Five road users, two teachers and administrator from the school, as well as two heads of the traffic control department (Macken, 2011 p.67). The sample size was arrived at by utilizing a formula usually used to work out the model size needed for the study. The populace was utilized to compare and contrast their views and observations of the traffic situation around the school to find out if there are dangers that exist already or any that will exist when the sign is put up (Standards South Africa, 2004 p.37). The data sources included intervi ews and secondary data from relevant legislation, cases, as well as journal articles. Interviews were utilized to collect first hand data from individuals who were to be concerned if John had put up the sign or not. Data was collected after getting relevant permission from the authorities, at the school, roadway, as well as the traffic signs department (European Conference of Ministers of Transport, 2000 p.14). After the data was collected, it was examined, edited, coded, as well as analyzed. Relevant software such as MS Word and MS Excel were employed to sort through data gathered via interviews to make out patterns, as well as establish relationships. Validity was ensured by instituting a coherent connection amid the study objectives and interview questions. The researcher will guarantee obscurity by respondents, as well as all data will be treated with discretion and will just be utilized for meeting the purpose of the study (Automobile Association, 2009 p.87). Advice addressing John’s Concerns In regard to the concern of John erecting the sign warning drivers of the dangers of parking so close to the school gates might constitute a criminal offence, John should do extensive research and find out what makes up criminal offence and what does not, from relevant legislation, cases, as well as journal articles (Aa Publishing, 2010 p.189). For example, State law needs the traffic control department to take on standardized principles for traffic control tools, counting signs, along public roadways. WAC 468-95 takes on the

Buying School Clunkers Make More Sense than a Brand New Car Essay

Buying School Clunkers Make More Sense than a Brand New Car - Essay Example Clunkers may look like they should be retired because they need somebody work or does not have the latest bells and whistles but with proper maintenance, it gets the kid from point A to point B. That is all that should matter to them at their ages. † That is sound advice coming from a man who makes his living selling cars. A new car will the owners back by at least $20,000 while a clunker can easily be had for around $2,000 and up, there truly does seem to be an economic advantage to owning a clunker. Provided the new owner of the car will not mind shelling out some extra dollars for whatever repairs the car might need. He still comes out ahead in the long run than if he had bought a new car. While most teenage kids of driving age look forward to waking up to a brand new car being delivered to their doorstep on the morning of their birthday, the economics of our times have changed that pattern. Since a brand new car loses approximately 20 percent of its value the minute it is d riven off the car lot, buying your teenage kid a â€Å"teaching car† which is what some parents and mechanics prefer to call the clunkers, turns out to be a big bargain. Buying a car that is more than ten years old often is often seen as a waste of money because of the cost of repairs that are involved in whipping the car into shape. Wise buyers though know that is not the case. In fact, the old clunkers can help you save money in the long run even with the cost of repairs thrown in.  ... He still comes out ahead in the long run than if he had bought a new car. While most teenage kids of driving age look forward to waking up to a brand new car being delivered at their doorstep on the morning of their birthday, the economics of our times have changed that pattern. Since a brand new car loses approximately 20 percent of its value the minute it is driven off the car lot, buying you teenage kid a â€Å"teaching car† which is what some parents and mechanics prefer to call the clunkers, turns out to be a big bargain. Buying a car that is more than ten years old often is often seen as a waste of money because of the cost of repairs that are involved in whipping the car into shape. Wise buyers though know that is not the case. In fact, the old clunkers can help you save money in the long run even with the cost of repairs thrown in. People like Joel Berry (Why I Drive a 13-Year-Old Car, 2009) understand that economics plays an important role in car buying decisions. In his case, he has been driving the same second hand 1995 Geo Prizm for a number of years now and far as he is concerned, the car is far from being the old clunker that his friends think his car to be. Joel explains; â€Å"I bought my Geo Prizm in 1995 with 5,000 miles on it. It now has 140,000 miles on it and still runs fine. I paid off the car in 1999. It is now 2008.I haven’t had a car payment in nine years. How much has this saved? Our payments for this car were $250 a month. Over nine years, I’ve gone 108 months without making a payment. At $250 a month, that’s a savings of $27,000. Over the lifetime of the car, I’ve spent less than $2000 in repairs. Subtracting this from my savings still leaves me with $25,000 extra over buying a new car right

Articles Review - Educational Instructional Practices, Programs, and Essay

Articles Review - Educational Instructional Practices, Programs, and Strategies - Essay Example Duignan describes capable leaders as authentic in values and intent. The author describes a detailed framework by which the inherent paradoxes, and tensions of educational leadership can be navigated. Wisdom, effectiveness, and ethics are deemed crucial for those that lead institutions of learning; and educational districts. To implement the work of Duignan, an investigation should be conducted on the most successful administrators, principals, tenured educators, and managers towards the goal of a management, rubric; higher-level grading for administrators themselves; with the option of financial incentives for the districts of high-achieving leaders as permitted by state and federal law. While a point-value system would prove difficult to reliably implement in the judgment of managerial decisions not limited strictly to the financial sphere, leaders in education can be offered guidance during Teacher's meetings and conferences to cover the above points, and a few other recommendatio ns described below: Sharing wisdom via dialogue with vital personnel and a willingness to listen to alternate viewpoints, through a re-thinking of the organizational culture. Conferences and meetings with more of a 'round table' format, in essence. A guiding should also be a focus on seeking a higher purpose into the nuts and bolts of educational practices; in terms of core values, possibly as relating to the school mission-statement. This requires soul-searching for the determination of core values for the district, in addition to the ethical focus and morality initiative in terms of interactions, and actions. To lead with authenticity, both the educators and educated must be encouraged to take responsibility for their own actions and progress. Students must be taught to ‘own up’ to short-comings with an emphasis on continuous improvement. Districts following Duignan’s guidelines should encourage honest authenticity in administrators and seek to achieve a more a uthoritative presence. While most districts follow similar policies; for implementation an obvious recommendation would be to use proper, respectful titles for students when addressing adult district employees. These recommendations should be added to the professional development regimens that most districts already employ as a matter of course. Sylwester, Robert. 2006. The School Administrator. December 2006. American Association of School Administrators. Publications. Features, Cognitive Neuroscience Discoveries and Educational Practices. An article on cognitive neuroscience discoveries by Robery Sylwester begins with analogies from the biological world as a means to rouse educators into action. In the way that an organism must use its sensory system to understand, and navigate its environment, so must the school employ reason to determine whether and how it must improve, and to propel itself from point A to point B should the latter prove more desirable. This is because, as anima ls our brains give us the ability and obligation to move around should our needs require it, and that only a sessile, vegetative plant should be content to stay rooted and

Health Oganization Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Oganization Case study - Essay Example United Healthcare is committed to providing quality care and to its continuous improvement. In the last five years, UnitedHealth Group has invested approximately $3 billion dollars in research and development (R & D), technology and business processes enhancement (UnitedHealthcare, 2014). With this huge investment, the Group is confident it is going to be able to serve its customers satisfactorily over the next decade and beyond. The organization recognizes that the healthcare needs of Americans are changing fast and becoming more complex. The complexity partly stems from the emergence and spread of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes. Over the years, the average American has continued to grow more affluence. Unfortunately, with affluence comes risky lifestyles like eating a lot of junk food and overreliance on the automobile such that a person rarely gets to exercise by walking or cycling to work. The above stated investments, coupled with the Group’s strategic plan, put UHG in a solid position to satisfy the medical needs of Americans. Key elements of the strategic plan include network growth, staffing, resource management and customer satisfaction. We now take a more elaboratelook at each of these. As of June 2011, United Health Group (UHG) had partnered with 650,000 doctors and other healthcare providers, over 5,000 hospitals, some 80,000 dentists and 65,000 pharmacies across the United States (Hilton , 2011). UHG’s network strategy is to expand this network in coming years. The strategy is informed that it is cheaper to partner with existing organizations and professionals as opposed to establishing new ones from scratch and hiring and retaining health workers. In addition, the network strategy affords UHG to reach more Americans that it could single-handedly. In fact, the Group attributes its ability to serve some 70 million Americans annually to its network of partners. In order to attract

Entry Strategy In Emerging Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Entry Strategy In Emerging Markets - Essay Example However before entering into the markets, the organizations should study the vulnerability of the market conditions and various socio economic factors which are mentioned below. Based on the analysis of the factors the organizations should decide whether it has the necessary potential for setting up a business in the country and also should devise the entry strategy accordingly. The factors which are of prime importance are discussed below Political Factors: The consequence of the political issues is of a high significance to the business. While investigating into the political factors, matters relating to the policymaking of diverse regions are all taken into consideration. These fields include the administrative, provincial, nationwide and worldwide aspects. Another vital part which is included under the political factors is the consequence which businesses have to face due to alteration in the government both in the local and countrywide level. Multinational businesses also need t o properly understand the official policy which a government offers towards other countries (Wiiliams & Green, 1997, p.162). Economic Factors: The economic factors recount the components which influence the economic position of the business. The economic issues thoroughly deal with the economic and the fiscal strategy of the government. It is quite clear that the economic recessions relating inflation also disturb the officialdoms. The power of the national economy is a major factor which organizations do ponder upon. Alteration in taxation rate and bilateral trade agreements amongst the countries are also thoroughly administered (Walters, 2006, p 208)... This report stresses that the analysis of the different market entry strategy shows that all the strategies discussed above offers a range of advantages and also does have some limitation. However in context of the analysis of the market entry strategy in the BRIC nations it has been found that the countries like China ,India , and Brazil are the emerging nations and the foreign organizations looks to invest over there because of the wide range of benefits. Brazil is one of the nations in the BRIC community and its economic stability has made it one of the desired countries for the investors. The study reveals that the strategy of joint venture has been applied by most of the foreign multinational in the country. The reason for the choice is quite obvious as joint venture allows having a close look at the market and reduces the exposure to a wide variety of risk. This paper makes a conclusion that the option of joint venture also provides additional benefit to organizations in countries like India. The help from a local organization provides guide to the foreign companies for penetrating the market and build up a strong presence in the market. The corruptions in the market also can be reduced through the strategic alliance. As a result of the strategic alliance, the local organizations are also benefited considerably and in overall it helps to increase the stability of the economy.

The video Game Console Wars Essay Example for Free

The video Game Console Wars Essay Compare and contrast Nintendo’s marketing strategy for the Wii with Sony’s strategy for PS3. By the end of 2006, two game console industry giants, Nintendo and Sony had launched their respective new products; the Wii and PS3. Various marketing strategies were implemented by both rivals and this writing attempt to analyse common and differing elements. Similarly, both companies had a product differentiation strategy, with the aim of being distinctly set apart from their competitors by the viewing market.  However, different elements of this strategy were focused on by the firms. For instance, Nintendo differentiated via product form and design. Instead of the traditional controller where buttons are pressed, the Wii had a wireless motion-sensitive controller, which recognises the player’s arm movements. Thus, actions such as golfing, tennis and even dancing can be detected by the game. It is assumed that the rationale behind this is the fact that â€Å"new things and ways of doing things† always grab attention, whether good or bad. Thus, Nintendo’s aim would have been to gain the market’s attention and then convince them positively about the Wii. Conversely, Sony attempted to differentiate through performance quality. Heavy investment was made on a new processing chip and a laser diode, which would rev up the speed drastically and offer superior graphics quality. The video gaming industry prides itself on graphics; hence differentiating in this area may significantly increase demand. One believes however, that Nintendo’s product differentiation strategy had a stronger impact than Sony’s. This is because Sony followed the industry norm, of each new generation of machines being faster and more powerful than the preceding generation, as the case states. Thus, the market was already expecting the enhanced features, compared to the curiosity of a completely new game design by the Wii. With reference to the Ansoff Matrix framework, Nintendo implemented a marketing diversification strategy, whereby they offered a new product to new markets (in terms of untouched customer segments). Nintendo’s designers, according to the case, deliberately developed a machine that is simpler to use, since the complexity of current games appeal only to advance gamers.  This thus,  would allow market reach to a broader demographic of new segments, thereby beginning to challenge Sony’s market share dominance. For instance, males and female above and below the common age bracket of video game players may now demand the Wii. On the other hand, Sony implemented a product development strategy, by launching a new product in their existing market segment of customers, as the Ansoff theory advocates. Hence, Sony’s PS3 targeted their current customer segment for the PS2. A marketing strategy of Sony may have been to have first mover advantage, by launching in November 2006 in the United States before the Wii. Most studies indicate that the market pioneer gains the greatest advantage, however sometimes it can be risky and expensive. In Sony’s case, they would have easily been able to capitalise on the fans of the playstation and PS2 and new customers entering that market. Their downfall however was inadequate launch preparation and planning with regards to their diode technology, as mass production issues caused shortages. Thus, achieving the Christmas season’s full revenue potential was lost. Even though Nintendo was the second mover launching a month after in December, they had an international marketing launch strategy being executed. They made the Wii available in the United States, the Eurozone and United Kingdom. As a result, the benefits of being the first mover would have been gained in the Eurozone and United Kingdom. It is note d that Sony launched the PS3 four months after in Europe. Being the second to enter that market, Sony may have researched any problems Nintendo may have encountered and adjusted accordingly, for a smoother launch. Nintendo appears to have implemented a market-penetration pricing strategy. The Wii at a cost of $250 is 50% less than the 20-gigabyte PS3 (smaller hard drive machine). At this lower price, it is easier for the product to penetrate the market due to affordability in most segments. This aligns with the assumed company’s aim of maximising market share in the current and new segments. To achieve this, Nintendo ensured that the Wii was less costly to manufacture. Moreover, a higher sales volume may lead to lower unit costs and higher long run profits. Conversely, Sony is believed to have a market-skimming pricing strategy. The company invested $2 billion in technology, so this strategy aims at recovering the maximum amount of revenue to cover the high costs incurred in the early stages of the product life cycle. Additionally, S ony has a strong brand due to the success of their previous machines (PS2 and  playstation) and the high price assists in communicating the image of a superior product with quality.What is the key to the Wii’s popularity? The key facet responsible for the Wii’s popularity lies in the innovative design, which â€Å"calls to action† the player with physical movement. The writer views the wireless motion sensitive game console as a new, simple and fun method of gaming for all age groups. As a result, it may appeal not only to the traditional expert video game player like the PS3, but other individuals outside that segment. It thus makes marketing sense, if Nintendo promoted the game as a family requirement for cultivating an enjoyable, quality family time with members. It seems also a great game for various informal social events. Furthermore, since different types of games can be played, the Wii has the potential to appeal to a vast number of different market segments. For instance, The Wii Fit is an exercising game, where aerobics, yoga and other body strengthening activities can be done. Thus, the Wii Fit may have been positioned as a convenient way of losing or maintaining your weight, as it can be done in the comfort of one’s home and a more enjoyable method compared to simply following an instructor on a DVD. Likewise, sports fanatics may gravitate towards the Wii sports for the games of their interest. There also is the possibility of the Wii being used for rehabilitation after a stroke or injury, due to it body strengthen capabilities. It must be noted, that Nintendo’s international marketing strategy of launching in three distinct major areas, was a contributing factor towards the quick popularity gained. The areas were the United States, the Eurozone and the United Kingdom. This means that great strategic marketing focus had to be made on the different areas, to accommodate international cultural differences and legalities. As a result, Nintendo may have had to implement global product strategies for market adaptation in areas such as price, sales promotion, colours, labelling and advertising execution, to name a few. 3. Do you agree with Sony’s decision to incorporate a Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3. The writer agrees with the decision to incorporate a Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3.  Firstly, Sony is considered one of the market leaders in the consumer electric industry; where the brand is known for high quality and advance technology. Since the  consumer market started demanding more high definition TVs and viewing of DVD’s in high definition, it made good marketing sense to satisfy that need for high definition imagery in the video games, which ultimately reinforced the company’s brand. A â€Å"spin off† from this implementation of Blu-ray, is that the PS3 can actually be used by consumers to watch Blu-ray DVD movies, for those who may not own a Blu-ray DVD player. Thus, the value of the PS3 may increase, due to more product uses than the main function. Secondly, it was wise for Sony to include the Blu-ray DVD player in the PS3, due to their current product range developments. Sony had already launched the Blu-ray video format in their DVD players, thus the inclusion in the PS3 was a commendable and necessary marketing move, in order to keep as many products in the range up to date with the latest technological advancements. More importantly, this was a medium to push and promote the adoption of the Blu-ray in the market, reflecting strong strategic planning for profit maximisation. The draw back to the implementation however, was the issue of mass-production difficulties of the diode for the Blu-ray, resulting in shortages for the U.S holiday launch, as the case explains. Thus, it is assumed that there was a deficiency in proper operational planning and execution. This can be a critical concern with new product planning, since shortages can greatly impact forecasted revenue streams and significant opportunities may be lost. In Sony ’s situation, the launch was around the Christmas season, where many PS3s may have been gift considerations and individuals generally spend more on commodities at this time, due to Christmas bonuses and advances. Thus, Sony would not have been able to capitalise on this, due to low supply of machines. In the final analysis however, if Sony had anticipated any production issues to cause marginal temporary shortages at the launch, one is of the opinion that this is not drastic a problem enough, to decide forgoing the implementation of the Blu-ray. This is because consideration is given to the return on investment with the Blu-ray inclusion and the technological drive in the industry at large. The Blu-ray would have generated greater demand than the HD-DVD and take longer to become obsolete, thus having an extended life-span. Some industry observers have noted that the battle between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is reminiscent of the showdown between Beta and VHS videocassette  formats in the 1970s. What was the outcome? The videocassette showdown between Beta and VHS in the 1970’s mainly was a clear example of â€Å"listening and responding† to what the market wants. It began when Sony produced Bata, a video standard which had a recording time of 60 minutes. Almost one year later, JVC launched the VHS, which is another video standard that had a recording time of 120 minutes. The two videocassettes were different in size and completely incompatible. The VHS was cheaper than Beta; however the longer the recording time resulted in a degraded quality of image. The market nevertheless, wanted a longer recording time, which allowed for longer movies and football matched to be recorded. Sony held their end for more years supplying the more upscale market with the 60 minute high quality videocassettes, but eventually in the mid 80’s they had to offer videocassettes with a longer recording time to remain competitive. By then however it was too late and VHS already held dominance in the market. VHS won the battle and in 2002 the last Beta machine was produced. Sony’s mistake was not listening to what the market wants and not willing to compromise the quality to satisfy the market. The battle between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is quite similar, however this time Sony is not the defender, but the challenger. To forecast who the winner may be, the same underlying factor exists, regarding listening to the market and responding. The case explains of the continuous electronic industry’s upgrade towards high definition TVs and DVD movies. Thus, one can assume that consumers want a player which provides the greatest quality of high definition. A common element between HD-DVD and Blu-ray is that they have 1080 lines of resolution (the highest quality video playback possible) on their widescreen HDTV set, as the case shows. Thus, consumers are going to look for other factors which can determine which player provides better quality. Firstly, the fact that Sony’s Blu-ray technology is incompatible with Toshiba (assuming other rival products as well) and can only be used on Sony products, signals that Sony is trying to maintain a type of niche market, which in essence aims at guaranteeing that using Blu-ray technology on Sony products will produce the best quality. This is similar to what Apple does with their range of products. Secondly, over the years Sony has positioned and built their brand to represent â€Å"high quality† and thus brand loyalty is strong among customers in the electronic industry. Lastly, price sends  market signals and the common understanding is that high price tends to reflect high quality. The case states that Sony BDP-S1 and S300 cost $999.99 and $600 respectively, compared to Toshiba’s models ranging from $399.99 to $799.99. Thus the higher price of Sony can be assumed to have better quality. Conclusively, HD-DVD and Blu-ray battle is almost mirrored in Beta and VHS rivalry. VHS won the battle since they satisfied the market’s demand for longer recording time with the videocassette. With HD-DVD and Blu-ray, the market is assumed to want high quality on their high definition widescreen HDTVs. The writer believes that Sony with their Blu-ray technology would win the battle, given that they can reflect a better level of quality over Toshiba, through â€Å"non-1080 lines of resolution† factors.

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis

Donoghue v Stevenson Analysis Introduction The case of Donoghue v Stevenson is arguably one of the most famous cases in the common law system and definitely one of the most important in the history of the development of the tort law. The revolutionary significance of the decision in this case is in the establishment of a standardised duty of care in negligence cases. Indeed, over the years after the precedent was set the courts have progressively shifted from the ascertaining a specific duty of care for each kind of situations, to the approach that assumes the existence of the general duty of care as it was established in Donoghue v Stevenson, and in particular Lord Atkins famous neighbour principle.[1] This essay is going to discuss the relevance of the principles established in this case in the modern tort law. The essay will start with the discussion of the established precedent, then moving to the development of the neighbour principle in the subsequent case law and its application today. The importance of the decision of the case In fact, the case established several important principles. They are: the recognition of the negligence as a distinct tort, the recognition of liability in situations, where there is no contractual relationship between the defendant and the claimant, the establishment of a duty of care owned by manufacturers to the ultimate consumers and the neighbour principle. [2] Nevertheless, Lord Atkins neighbour principle is the most well-known part of the decision of the case, despite the fact that according to the official sources it was never a part of the ratio of the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson.[3] Lord Atkins approach was recognised for the first time Word count: 1391 in the case of Hedley Byrne v Heller[4], and later in the Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid stated that the decision in the case of Donoghue should be treated as a precedent and that that it ought to apply unless there is some justification or valid explanation for its exclusion.[5] The idea behind this was to unify the previous cases and to make the decisions in the future cases more predictable. Thus, the neighbour principle established two concepts foreseeability and proximity. These two key concepts triggered the development of tort law in the 20th century. The development of the established concepts The principle established in Donoghue v Stevenson was seen as an important milestone in the history of tort law as it was the first successful attempt to set out a general principle with respect to the concept of the duty of care. However, later the courts started to acknowledge that the neighbour principle was too simplistic and limited in scope. Therefore, the evolution of the tort of negligence since the snail in the bottle case has been a search for control mechanisms that can limit the scope of the duty concept. So, within the case law on duty of care there has been a shift from a general concept of duty formulated in the neighbour principle to more specific criteria. Indeed, in Anns v Merton London Borough Council, the House of Lords decided to modify the test for the establishment of a duty of care by imposing policy considerations to limit the imposition of a duty of care.[6] The test formulated in Anns was that the defendant owed the claimant to take reasonable care, as long as it was reasonably foreseeable that a failure of doing so would result in damage to the claimant, unless there was some policy reason that limited the scope of the duty or the class of people to whom it was owed or the damages to which a breach of the duty may Word count: 1391 give rise. [7]The first part of the test clearly corresponds to the Lord Atkins test, but the second part was created to restrict claims. The main criticism of this test was that it could lead to an expansion of the situations in which a duty of care could arise. Therefore, in 1990 the Anns test was rejected in the case of Murphy v Brentwood District Council.[8] As the test set in Anns was not sufficient enough, and it was replaced with the test for a duty of care set in Caparo Industries v Dickman. [9] The Caparo test narrowed the test set in Anns by implementing an additional stage to the test. The Caparo test consists of requirements of reasonably foreseeable harm, a relationship of proximityaand that for the imposition of a duty to be fair just and reasonable. The first two stages of Caparo test were based on judgement in Anns, which corresponds back to Lord Atkins neighbourhood principle and the fair, just and reasonable requirement relates to same public policy considerations as the second stage of the Anns test. However, an essential difference between Caparo and Anns is that Caparo test emphasised the incremental and by analogy approach in order to prevent massive extensions of the duty of care concept, meaning that there must be an analogous situation in the previous case law in order to justify the extension of the duty of care in novel situations.[10] By accepting the incremental and by analogy approach the courts rejected the broad formulations from the previous case law and constrained the precedent set in Donoghue v Stevenson to cases concerned with physical damage. [11] Word count: 1391 So, from one point of view, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson created a basis for the establishment of the test in Caparo as first two requirements are clearly taken from the neighbour test. However, some critics say that the intention of judges in Caparo was to change the neighbour principle in entirety. Indeed, in the modern times the incremental approach developed in Caparo suggests that the claimant can only sue the defendant for the breach of the duty of care only in situations where the existence of the duty is established. This seems to contradict the aim of Lord Atkins biblical principle. [12] As has been recognised in Anns and Caparo, the approach taken by the judges in Donoghue v Stevenson is too simple, especially in the modern times, where the law of negligence has become even more complicated than it used to be. Nowadays the courts use different approaches for different situations, for example the approach for the establishment of duty of care for psychiatric injuries is not the same as for physical injuries. Indeed, according to Heuston other considerations beyond foreseeability and proximity begin to acquire greater significance and the principles established in Donoghue are applicable only to relatively straightforward cases, but not to the liability for non-physical injuries, or for omissions, or for the conduct of third parties.[13] However, it can be said that the decision in Donoghue v Stevenson formed a foundation for the development of all the aforementioned areas of tort law. Conclusion To conclude, some scholars express the view that the importance of the case of Donoghue v Stevenson was overrated both by its supporters and critics.[14] However, in my opinion, even though the importance of the decision of this case nowadays is reduced, the case has a lasting effect, the significance of which lies not only in the established principles, but in the ideas that changed the law of tort forever, and in particular the law of negligence. Bibliography Cases Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 Articles J.C. Smith, Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson: The Not so Golden Anniversary [1983], MLR 1 R.F.V. Heuston, Donoghue v Stevenson in Retrospect, [1957], MLR 20(1) Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1) Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 Z0973311 Word count: 1391 Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) Books Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston, Basil Markesinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) Horsey K., Rackley E., Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [1] J. C. Smith and Peter Burns, Donoghue v. Stevenson-The Not So Golden Anniversary (1983) 46 (2) MLR 1 [2] R. F. V. Heuston, Donoghue v. Stevenson in Retrospect (1957) 20(1) MLR [3] Keith Patten, Snail trail, (New Law Journal, 11 May 2012) assessed 22 November 2016 [4] Hedley Byrne Co Ltd v Heller Partners Ltd [1963] 2 All ER [5] Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd Lord Reid [1970] AC 1004 [6] Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1977] UKHL 4 [7] Kirsty Horsey, Erika Rackley, Tort Law (3rd edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2013) [8] Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] UKHL 2 [9]Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 [10] Jessica Randell, Duty of Care Haunting Past, Uncertain Future (2014) North East Law Review 2 (2) [11] Simon Deakin, Angus Johnston and Basil Markensinis, Markesinis and Deakins Tort Law (7th edn, Oxford University Press Higher Education Division 2012) [12] Patten(n 3) [13] Heuston (n 2) [14] Gavin Murphy, The snail and the ginger beer: the singular case of Donoghue v Stevenson [2011], CLB 37(1)

Love Cant Be Simply Put :: essays research papers

The famous Benjamin Franklin once said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." But what is love, it can be defined by the Webster's dictionary as a "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Even with that just being said countless poets, philosophers, and authors have fallen short of truly capturing the full meaning of love. The reason could lie in the differences of love and its ability to change throughout our lives. When a baby is born and placed into the hands of loving parents, the love that the baby is able to get is vital in the development of it. The love or lack of love starts to change you from the beginning of your life and continues throughout adulthood. The young baby needs the love and wants the attention. It needs to be protected and cared for. Undoubtedly there is a major love for a baby and the love of the baby for the mother. Interestingly some people say that they love chocolate, basketball, sex, and even cars. But that doesn't fall into the Webster's definition of being "profoundly tender, passionate affection for another person." Also it doesn't agree with Benjamin Franklin's, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable." As everyone knows the game of basketball is not a person and it can't love you back. So why would someone say that they love those things? I know from my own experiences that I have a passionate affection for playing the game and I feel a joy in playing it. Continuing to blur the meaning of love with it's diversity in the relationships we have for people and objects. For instance, I love my mom, dad, brothers, dog, sports, and many more. During certain periods of my life the love will certainly rise or fade. Also the intensity of that love is not the same in all those relationships. For I have never been in love with a girl, I may only imagine what it might be like to be in love. Guessing from my friends relationships with other girls it seems like a big headache instead of wonderful bliss like some poets maybe would like to put it. When Benjamin Franklin said, "If you would be loved, love and be lovable," he must have meant that love goes both ways. That not only is it important to love but also important in how it is received.

Compare and Contrast The Day After Tomorrow and Outbreak Essay

Which of these movies provides a more effective wake-up call about impending global catastrophes? â€Å"The Day After Tomorrow† and â€Å"Outbreak† both raise important concerns regarding the world that we live in. The first movie seems to serve mainly as a warning that as a people of this planet we need to do everything in our power to stop destroying our world. â€Å"Outbreak† demonstrates the vulnerability of the United States and for that matter all nations of the world in dealing with large epidemics. Though both movies raise legitimate concerns they also both are quite sensationalized in order spice it up for moviegoers. The most effective movie in providing a wake up call for humanity is totally debatable and is entirely dependent on the eye of the beholder. In â€Å"The Day After Tomorrow† a climatologist’s warning of the possibility of massive cataclysmic climate changes caused by global warming go unheeded. His predictions of the consequences of such actions just so happen to occur sooner than anyone had ever expected. This movie served as the ultimate example what could happen if as a world community we do not clean up our acts. Continued consumption of nonrenewable resources, increased carbon dioxide emissions and further depletion of the Ozone layer could though most likely not on the scale illustrated occur in one form or another. The moral of this film is summed up by Dennis Quaid’s character in the last scene when he mutters his last few lines stating that hopefully humani...

The Rapid Growth of Online Social Media Networks

Social networking used to link and portion information with friends.People may utilize societal networking services for dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent grounds to web with new contacts, reconnect with the friends, maintain the relationships position, for concern or undertaking work related, take participate in treatments on the many subject, or merely hold get together meeting and interaction with other take parting users. [ 1 ] .There are figure of users on SocialNetwork and Twitter. LinkedIn has positioned itself as a professional networking site proi ¬?les include resume information and groups are created to portion many inquiries and thoughts with other users in similar i ¬?elds. Unlike traditional personal home pages people in these societies publish non merely their personal properties, but besides their relationships with friends.It may do the privateness misdemeanor in societal webs [ 3 ] .Information privateness is needed for users. Existing techniques are used to forestall direct revelation of sensitive personal information.Here the focal points on societal web informations classii ¬?cation and inferring the persons private information. More private information are inferred by using corporate classii ¬?cation algorithm. The system heighten how the on-line information of societal web is used for anticipation some person’s private property that a user/person are non interested unwrap these property to other users ( e.g. gender identii ¬?cation, sexual orientation ) .For illustration in an oi ¬?ce people connect to each other because of similar professions. Therefore it is possible that one may be able to deduce someone’s property from the properties of his/her friends. In such instances, privateness is indirectly disclosed by their societal dealingss instead than from the proprietor straight. This is called personal information escape from illation [ 10 ] . The rapid growing and ubiquitousness of on-line societal media services has given an impact to the manner people interact with each other. Online societal networking has become one of the most popular activities on the web. Social web analysis has been a key technique in modern sociology, geographics, economic sciences, and information science.The informations generated by societal media services frequently referred to as the societal web informations. In many state of affairss the informations demands to be published and shared with others. Social webs are online applications allow their users for connexion by dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent linktypes [ 3 ] . As portion of their professional web. Because of users specify inside informations which are related to their professional life.These sites gather extended personal information societal net- work appli- cation suppliers have a rare chance direct usage of this information could be utile to advertizers for direct selling. Print informations for others to analyse even though it may create terrible privateness menaces or they can keep back informations because of privateness concerns even though that makes the analysis impossible. For illustrations concern companies are analyzing the societal connexions in societal web informations to bring out client relationship that can benei ¬?t their services and prod- uct gross revenues. The analysis consequence of societal web informations is believed to potentially supply an alternate position of real-world phenomena due to the strong connexion between the histrions behind the web informations and existent universe entities. Social-network information makes com- merce much more proi ¬?table [ 7 ] . On the other manus the petition to utilize the informations can besides come from 3rd party applications embedded in the societal media application itself. For case, societal sites has 1000s of 3rd party applications and the figure is grow- ing exponentially. Even though the procedure of informations sharing in this instance is inexplicit the informations is so passed over from the information proprietor ( service supplier ) to dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent party ( the application ) .The informations given to these applications is normally non sanitized to protect users privacy.Desired usage of informations and single privateness presents an chance for privateness continuing societal web informations excavation. That is the find of information and rela- tionships from societal web informations without go againsting privateness. So utilizing classii ¬?cation i ¬?nd sensitive informations and take it from informations set and supply extremely sanitize dataset [ 1 ] . Although OSNs are rather utile in dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent sense, there has been some consid- erations about privateness of users in such services. OSNs are big datastores of personal information. This information is valuable in the sense that by statistical analysis it is possible to pull out the penchant of users based on dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent standards such as gender and matrimonial position. Such analysis can so be used for advertisement and research intents [ 5 ] . MET’s Institute of Engineering 2 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web Third-parties provide targeted advertizement to increase their commercial gross utilizing the societal platform and custom-make their publicities precisely based on the penchants of visitants and increase their opportunities on marketing [ 1 ] . OSN suppliers such as Facebook province that they will non manus private information to these third- parties. However there has been many contentions about escape of sensitive information to third parties where OSN suppliers handed private user information along with ego placing information. A recent probe by the Wall Street Journal showed that personal ID of Facebook users was being transmitted to third party advertizement and tracking companies along with their personal involvements which was against the promises made by Facebook [ 6 ] . This is where concerns are raised about the privateness of OSN users. The chief privateness concern is that members might non be willing to expose their proi ¬?le information to everyone indoors or outside a web. Peoples need control over their personal information and how it is being shown on the web. In OSNs users provide their electronic mail reference, exposure, friends, instruction, calling background, relationship position and activities such as noticing. For assorted grounds one might be willing to conceal them from certain people. Reasons such as safety, separation of work environment and personal life are among them. If the information is public to everyone it can do jobs such as losing a occupation. Furthermore it can be collected and used for commercial intents without the consent of users [ 7 ] , [ 8 ] . The privateness scenes normally does non to the full let concealing friendship links and groups ai ¬?liations and the connexion between people and groups are publically seeable. Such links and ai ¬?liations can take to information escape and expose high sum of information. In add-on many users do non protect their proi ¬?les from aliens and the web would be a mixture of public and private proi ¬?les [ 13 ] . As a consequence while an single protects his proi ¬?le utilizing the privateness scenes, it is possible that a big fraction of his friends have an unfastened proi ¬?le which contains information about him including the friendly relationship nexus, remarks and so on. Besides even if there are no direct information about a individual in his friends, by statistical analysis it would be possible to deduce some properties for a user even if he has a private proi ¬?le which is the subject of this System [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . The end of this System chiefly highlights how it is possible to deduce and retrace private properties of OSN users based on friendship links and personal inside informations. Using chance theoretical accounts and informations excavation attacks such as Naive bays larning, it is shown that with certain possibilities it would be executable to deduce private properties of users. MET’s Institute of Engineering 3 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web To see the consequence on a existent dataset, a well-known Facebook OSN, Proi ¬?le information is col- lected and used. Analysis of system shows that it is possible for an active OSN member to to the full protect its privateness by remotion of sensitive properties from proi ¬?le informations or from dataset before let go ofing to third party [ 1 ] , [ 11 ] . 1.1 Area of Dersertation Social webs are considered as online applications that permit the users to link by manner of assorted nexus types. Based on the provided inside informations, these webs let people to name inside informations about themselves that are appropriate to the basicss of the web. Some site is a common usage of societal web, hence single users list their preferable activities, films and books. Conversely a professional web such as LinkedIn, users specify inside informations which are suited to their professional life.These sites gather extended personal information and therefore societal web application suppliers have a rare opportunity of direct use of this information that could be utile to advertizers for direct marketing.For forestalling illation onslaught proposed system is used and it better the classii ¬?cation truth of system by utilizing Naive bays classii ¬?cation. MET’s Institute of Engineering 4 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web 1.2 Dissertation Plan Month Project Activity August Project Topic Selection Submission of Abstract Survey of Literature Survey September First Presentation about thought of Undertaking Requirement analysis ( SRS Document ) readying October Mathematical Model Algorithm and System Analysis Detailed Design November Project Stage-1 Presentation Documentation December Stating stage of execution Requirement assemblage for implemntation January Implementation and proving February Implementation and proving March Test instances planing for complete system and proving as per trial instances Changes in execution if any April Testing and certification May Testing and certification Table 1.1: Dissertation Plan MET’s Institute of Engineering 5 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web 1.3 Motivation †¢ Privacy to individual which is concerned with the unity of the persons organic structure, agencies prevent the interloper entry in personal informations. †¢ Privacy of personal behaviour, This relates to dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent facets of behaviour such as sexual penchants, political activities and spiritual ideas both in private and public topographic points. †¢ Here the ei ¬Ã‹â€ ectiveness of both local and relational classii ¬?cation truth are reduces by utilizing the sanitation methods and it is really helpful for forestalling personal information onslaught on societal web. †¢ Privacy of personal communicating in instance of persons have an involvement to be able to pass on among each other through dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent media without being monitored or intercepted by other individuals or administrations. †¢ Privacy of personal informations, Persons claim that informations about themselves should non be available to other persons or administrations without their consent and even if the information is processed by a third-party, the person must be able to hold consid- erable grade of control over it data and its usage. †¢ Here it has been proposed to plan a system that explore the ei ¬Ã‹â€ ect of possible informations sanitation attacks on forestalling such private information escape, while leting the receiver of the sanitized information to make inference on non-sensitive inside informations. †¢ Desired usage of informations and single privateness presents an chance for privateness continuing societal web, That is the find of information and relationships from societal web informations without go againsting privateness. 1.4 Aims This system dei ¬?ne two classii ¬?cation undertakings. The i ¬?rst is that to find whether a individual is †conservative† or †liberal† on the footing of user proi ¬?le information. MET’s Institute of Engineering 6 Preventing techniquesused for profile informations bar illation onslaught on societal web Privacy concerns of persons in a societal web can be classii ¬?ed into two classs: privateness after informations release, and private information escape. Cases of privateness after informations release involve the identii ¬?cation of specii ¬?c persons in a information set subsequent to its release to the general populace or to paying clients for a specii ¬?c use or 3rd party for their advertisement work. By deducing the sensitive property like gender, matrimonial position such personal information of user proi ¬?le is used for dii ¬Ã‹â€ erent type of attack.Here aims of system is privacy concern as concealing the user’s personal inside informations from exterior users means from 3rd party, so information misusage are avoid.

Compare & Contrast Taming of the Shrew Essay

The couples in Taming of the Shrew all have various personalities. They all can be determined in different ways, through actions and emotions. Katherine and Petruchio are both similar when it comes to being dimwitted and arrogant which brings them both together emotionally. Katherine and Petruchio are both very different beings, yet also the same. They have different views of life and intentions but the way they express it is mutual. Comparing them is quite easy; because Katherine is actually they way she is because she covers it up with her true emotions that she wants to show. For example, her father favors her sister Bianca also the fact that she fears of never being able to get married to someone who can deal with her. She comes off as a Shrew not because that’s how she really is, it’s because it’s really a cover up of her emotions. Men back in the day looked down to her for being intelligent, and Katherine being hard headed showed them that they can’t tame or mess with her. Her having a mouth and being strong minded ended up molding her personality to the public, as some rude, uncontrollable woman. The one and only Petruchio, has intentions of only taming her for her money but in the process he ends up enjoying the ride and the company of â€Å"Kate†. With him being selfish and horrible it ends up actually being a good compare for the two because their personalities fit each other, either one can benefit from the other or nonetheless. Petruchio thinks that he can tame Kate, and that marriage is just about controlling wives. With both of them bumping heads all the time, one eventually has to give in because a person can only take so much until they reach their boiling point. He doesn’t care about anyone else but his self; compared to Kate she still has morals to certain people. But Petruchio only talks to or deals with anyone who can benefit him. But when Kate intervenes in his life it all changes, slowly to both of them. In conclusion, the two or both bad for each other yet good. Katherine has found someone to actually deal with her and her wittiness and Petruchio ends up having feelings for her, and not just being mainly focused on her money.  The couple rarely has differences in characteristics; the only thing they differentiate in is their intentions for each other. The main thing they are mutual in is their feelings and attitude to the outside world and each other.

Krispy Kreme Doughnuts

The following are the major problems KID were facing: It mistakenly tied up the profit, the number of stores, and the sales of machines and ingredients together. Moreover, it was too aggressive. It was hungry to show its ‘perfect performances' to investors by beautifying their book value. From non-financial perspective, there are serious drawbacks behind the expanding, and the growing numbers of stores made the K Doughnuts ‘everywhere', which made customers lost their feelings of freshness of It.As the case mentioned, KID raised Its purchase price on the Michigan franchise In order to get the Interest of loans back and KID recorded the interest under as an immediate income, profit. In the meanwhile, it booked the cost of buyback the franchise and the payment to the executive as an intangible asset, which the company did not amortize. In my opinion, the interest should be recorded under equity and the cost and payment could be booked as properties, cost, or at least they n eed to be amortized.KID got the interest from the franchise and successfully raised Its revenue to attract Investors but it in fact sacrificed Its hardliners' benefits by offering an over value purchasing prize. Moreover, keeping the previous executive till the trade closed and giving a huge amount of compensation makes me wonder if there was an inside trade. Exhibit 1, 2& 3 shows the unhealthy growth of KID. Compared to the growth of total revenues in the whole company, revenue that each stores contributed (total revenue/ total factory stores) was not increasing accordingly.On the contrary, the expansion of stores brought the corporation high expenses and venture. The cost of opening a new store, aqualung It and close It was paid in vain. The number of stores grew too quickly. The exhibit also shows the abnormal high value of stock-price patterns compared to the S 500 Composite Index but it was finally down to the earth' in the end of 2004 influenced by the divesting of Montana Mil ls and closing down of 3 underperformed stores.Viewing the company structure, revenues were generated from on-premises retail sales at company-owned stores (accounting for 27% of revenues); off-premises sales to grocery and convenience stores (40%); manufacturing and distribution of product mix and machinery (29%1 and franchisee loyalties and fees (4%). Actually, the ideal revenue resources of this kind of corporation should mainly come from the franchisee royalties and fees but not from distribution of mix and machine. The company supposed to boost the sales of its main product: doughnuts but not to expansion blindly.Once its doughnuts become popular and profitable, people will be willing to get In to the business and pay KID franchisee royalties and fees. However, the realistic was many units were losing money off-premises, and franchisees were not motivated to grow their sales, which fleets a governance problem in this corporate that the company itself did not has mutual benefits with its franchisees. The stock price of KID was fluctuated severely in recent years and the suggestions of buy, sell or hold from analysts were closely related to the stock price and scandal. ND January 2005, when the stock price was at its peak, at 22. 51 dollars per share (first under estimate), at 15. 71 dollars per share (divested Montana Mills) and at less than 10 dollars per share (credit-facility defaulted). Crispy Seeker's share price was $40. 63 right after its PIP, giving the firm a market capitalization of nearly $500 lions. The stock price might be over valued at first because KID was so popular at the time and therefore the public drove up the price. After a series of problem, the company restated its financial statements for the PAYOFF, which reduced pretax income by between $6. Million and $8. 1 million. This movement sharply decreased the tax expenses of the company, which is proved by items of income before income taxes, provision for income taxes and income taxes refundable in Exhibit 2. It is strange that given a large amount of amortized intangible asset, the company still ad a high level of tax shield as shows in the depreciation and amortization expenses from Exhibit 1 . Thus, the company might be showing a higher profit for investors but lower income for tax purposes, changing the treatment of amortization between the two.This practice violated the requests and rules in GAP. Knowing the accounting tricks that KID was playing, people can approximately calculate its book value by amortizing its asset, increasing its cost and tax, which leads to a deduction of profit. Influenced by the divesting of Montana Mills, the interest expenses, income tax refundable, long-term notes receivable, Joint venture ND intangible in 2004 increased dramatically and the share price dipped compared to them in 2003 as we can see from the Exhibit 1&2.However, it is odd that the interest expense raised so much when then the long-term debt decreased. Furthermore , from the Debit-to- equity ratio in Exhibit 7, we can see that the level of debt and financial distress went down in 2004. Therefore, guess is that the company might use the total long-term liabilities in calculating the interest expenses in order to have more tax benefits. As its known to all that the higher the ratio of liquidity, average, activity and profitability are the better the company's situation is in.Compared to other quick-service restaurants in Exhibits, only the receivables turnover and inventory turnover of KID was slightly lower than the average, which means the corporation was not performing absolutely badly. And in Exhibit 9, when comparing to average restaurant, Kid's cash & equivalents, notes payable, long-term debt, income taxes payable, all other current were much more lower and the trade receivables, intangibles, deferred taxes and shareholder's equity were higher than the common stores.Unexpectedly, the net income of KID on May 9, 2004 was negative 24,458, but it went up to positive 5,763 three months later on August 1, 2004. How could the situation be turned around in such a short time? As a matter of fact, an over-valued stock price will eventually go down to what it supposed to be in a high efficient market. This is one of the reasons that the bubble of the stock broke and the price slumped. Along with the revelation about the company's franchise accounting practices and the wrong operating methods, they explained the devalued of its stock.I think the doughnuts company should not rely heir profit on the sales of high margin machines but to make its actual product (signature doughnuts) better since it contributed around 60% to the total sales. In the meanwhile, KID should inherit its factory style', which provides newly baked fresh healthy trend among people influenced the sales of its products, improve their ingredients or explore new recipes are necessary. Furthermore, through research and sufficient preparation are important befo re exploring overseas market or expansion. KID already had its brand, goodwill and own steady customer group, it still has a chance to fight back.

What role did Nicholas II play in his own downfall? Essay

Nicholas II played, by far the biggest role in his downfall as the Tsar of Russia. Certain aspects of his behaviour definitely contributed to bringing down the Russian empire, however most of these qualities were not weaknesses in character but qualities associated with poor leadership. By weakness, I mean being easily influenced and controlled by others. Nicholas was a firm believer in autocracy and was virtually unmoveable in this belief. This unconscionable belief illustrated how he stuck to his ways, although in early years as Tsar, his uncles had a huge influence on him. The fall of the Russian empire was not all a result of Nicholas’ character and poor leadership but also the huge socio-economic changes as well as the outbreak of WW1, which hugely influenced the coming about of and the timing of the Russian revolution. In 1905 Russia had experienced a year of revolution and by the end of the year Tsar Nicholas had managed to keep power as he had promised a reform which h ad divided his opponents and because he had kept the support of the army. In March 1917 the Tsar abdicated because he lacked the support from both the Duma and the army. After a week of unsettlement in Petrograd, Russia had become a republic. Russia was a massive empire, stretching from Poland to the pacific and home to many different languages, religions and cultures. For the Tsar ruling such a massive nation was difficult and he soon found himself with too much pressure and weight on his shoulders. He wasn’t able to keep up with the needs of his people and so this contributed to the industrial revolution in 1917. There are many long term causes for this while the short term trigger was clearly World War 1. During the early 1900’s there were several events and issues which threatened the authority of the Tsar. Living and working conditions of workers and peasants were unwarranted. Life for peasants was brutal, often short, and quite unpromising. Until 1861, most peasants were illiterate and owned by their landlords. After emancipation their living conditions were still primitive. Many were in debt to their landlords. Unrest among peasants was extremely widespread. Workers on the other hand, could not afford decent housing as their wages were too low. Although workers were paid commission per piece on a low rate, they too had heavy taxation on food and goods. The government, aware of the growing discontent, became worried as ideas of revolution began to spread among the poor. Russia was an autocracy which  meant that there was no parliament. The Tsar made the laws and appointed and dismissed ministers as he pleased. His authority was upheld by Church leaders, the Orthodox and the Okhrana who were the Russian secret police. There was an extreme lack of rights as political parties and trade unions were illegal. This left the middle class, urban workers and peasants dissatisfied. Riots, strikes and protests were taking place across Russia. As a solution to these problems, the government decided to have a war against Japan. When the war began in 1904, the Tsar had hoped, that if Russia was successful, people would stop criticizing his government and he would be popular again. Instead, Russia suffered a terrible and humiliating defeat, weakening the Tsar’s authority and position. In cities and towns across Russia, many strikers set up councils called â€Å"Soviets†, which became an alternative government. As food and raw materials ran short, scores of workers found themselves out of work. On the 22nd of January 1905, an incident called â€Å"Bloody Sunday† sparked revolution. A mass of 200,000 workers and their families marched towards the Tsar’s Winter Palace to present him with a petition. The workers were asking for better conditions. However, outside the Winter Palace they were met by troops and police. Even though the protestors came in peace, shots were fired and over 500 marchers were killed. The extent of the unrest forced Tsar Nicholas II to make concessions. In October 1905 he issued a document called the October Manifesto. In this document, the Tsar promised that there would be a parliament elected called a ‘Dum a’ to make the laws, and basic rights for the Russian people. Just as the Tsar had planned, these concessions divided his opponents. The middle class were now satisfied but the workers and peasants were not. They did not trust the Tsar’s promises as these solutions didn’t solve their economic issues. The Tsar’s new Prime Minister, Count Sergei Witte, decided in December that it was time to end the revolution. Opposition in the towns and cities was suppressed, as many were killed or exiled. The revolution ended in March 1917. The Tsar had been â€Å"saved†, and had managed to keep power. This was because he had the support of the army, he gave concessions and basic rights, introduced a parliament and divided the opposition. Although there was now an opportunity to make Russia a constitutional monarchy, there was no guarantee that the Tsar would keep his promises. However, by early 1917, Tsar Nicholas II had lost complete  support. This was due to several factors. After issuing the October Manifesto in 1905, the Tsar decided he would take action to prevent further revolution. The Tsar a nd Prime Minister Peter Stolypin used repression against terrorists and revolutionary groups in an attempt to subdue the unrest. Stolypin then attempted to solve the problem of peasant unrest and poverty by cancelling the redemption payments and modernizing farming. Working conditions among the city factory workers were also improved, with factory inspections and insurance schemes introduced. These efforts were in vain, as unrest throughout Russia continued. The Tsar did not fulfill the promises he made in the October Manifesto, and Russia did not become a constitutional monarchy. The Tsar stated that he possessed supreme autocratic power and could dismiss the duma and call elections. Even though farming had been â€Å"modernized†, the peasant population was growing increasingly large, creating further poverty and unrest among peasants. Industrial unrest also continued as strikers on the goldfields were being shot by soldiers. Although Stolypin was competent and determined, he was assassinated by a revolutionary in 1911. The emerging influence of Rasputin in the government became clear after 1915. Raspu tin was a Siberian peasant whose full name was Gregory Rasputin. He was said to be a holy man and was sure of having received, from god, a gift for healing. The Tsar’s son, Alexei, suffered from haemophilia and Rasputin was brought in to try to heal him. Rasputin had won the devotion of both the Tsarina, Alexandra, and the Tsar, Nicholas II, after controlling the internal bleeding of Alexei. Both the Tsar and Tsarina saw Rasputin as their friend. While the Tsar was absent at the front with the Army, the Tsarina virtually controlled Russia, and Rasputin became her personal advisor. He influenced the Tsar on his appointing and dismissing of government ministers, which brought a great deal of discredit on the royal family. In people’s eyes Rasputin played against the Romanov reputation. He was found to have regularly joined in drinking parties, participated in orgies and was seen with prostitutes. He was nicknamed the ‘holy devil’ and despised by the church representatives. In an attempt to save the monarchy from future scandal, Rasputin was murdered in December 1916, by a group a nobles. Instead of solving Russia’s problems, this only increased dissatisfaction with the Tsar. By this stage, there was a notable lack of competent leaders, as once again the Tsar was  struggling to maintain power. Involvement in World War I left Russia in a state of hopelessness. After the Tsar decided to leave his country and takeover the post in 1915, the government turned into chaos. Massive troop movements across Russia caused regular bread shortages in the cities and towns. There was also unfair distribution of food, inadequacy of sources of supply and an immense and rapid increase in the cost of living. As a result of the unbearable conditions of everyday life, strong feelings of hostility and opposition to the government were widespread. In terms of the war itself, Russia’s army suffered terribly. Within the first six weeks, 250,000 Russian soldiers h ad been killed, and by the end of 1914 over 1 million Russian soldiers had been lost to the war. The month of March 1917 was one of utter discontent and mayhem. On Wednesday 7th March, a major steel works company locked out 20,000 workers as pay talks broke down. The 20,000 now angry works were out on the street, joined by other factory workers who went on strike in support. Within 3 days, a total of 250,000 workers were on strike. There was no public transport or newspapers and food shortages continued. After mutinies occurred in parts of the army, the Tsar was sent a telegram informing him that the situation in Russia was serious. The Tsar responded by telling the Duma to stop meeting. By Monday 12th March, various units sent to fight the strikers and mutinies were defecting. The Duma held a meeting and established a 12 man â€Å"Provisional Committee†. Revolutionaries set up a â€Å"Soviet† of workers and soldiers in Petrograd. Both wanted to take over the government. After one week of complete havoc, the Tsar sent a telegram to the Duma stating that he would sh are power. The Army Generals replied and told him that it was too late as none of the Army supported him. On Thursday 15th March, revolutionaries halted the Tsar’s train only 250km away from Petrograd. He had no choice but to agree to abdicate and give the throne to Alexei. After realizing that Alexei was too sick to become Tsar, the throne was given to his brother Grand Duke Michael. Fearing that he would be just as unpopular as Nicholas, he too abdicated. Russia was now a republic as there was no longer royalty or monarchy. Tsar Nicholas II had lost support because he failed in his duties to provide for and rule his country effectively. Nicholas allowed himself to be easily sued by the people and opinions around him. He did not have to force and fierce  determination to rule a country and didn’t believe in himself enough. In the source below he states that he never wanted to be Tsar of Russia and so in term he failed. He wasn’t experienced and trained in leadership and never had the support of his father leading from beside him. From the moment Nicholas became Ts ar, the welfare of Russia and its people became the last priority. Nicholas himself, was the main reason why he failed as his role as the Tsar of Russia. Although the Tsar was able to keep power in 1905, after losing the support of his army and not fulfilling the promises stated in the October Manifesto, growing unrest among the people was inevitable. It was no surprise that by 1917 he had lost support from his country. Nicholas was not brought up to be a leader and to be in control and so when the time came for him to lead, he was unable to do so properly. His firm beliefs and ways of life allowed little room for opinion, causing unrest and later losing vital support from governments and leaders and after losing the Japanese war he lost the respect of the army. BIBLIOGRAPHY: About.com – Russian History 2014 15.3.14 * http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/russiaandukraine/a/Causes-Of-The-Russian-Revolution.htm All class worksheets, booklets and slide shows Histor-C November 11 2010 15.3.14 * http://historc.wordpress.com/2010/11/11/12c-how-far-was-nicholas-ii-responsible-for-his-own-downfall/ History learning site – Rasputin 201317.3.14 * http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/rasputin.htm Maureen Anderson ‘Retrospective’ Year 11 Modern History Jacaranda Press 2007 * Chapter Titled – The Fall of the Tsarist Regime Parisia201224.3.14 * http://www.parisia.com/paris/romanov/paris.php?id=12 Philip Ingram ‘Russia and the USSR 1905-1991’ Cambridge University Press 2005 * The events of 1905, the first world war etc†¦.. Skwirk – interactive schooling 2014 19.3.14

Kidney Dialysis Essay

The kidney has two important functions for the body because it is connected to the body’s blood flow, it can help monitor blood pressure and secrete hormones, which can raise blood pressure in the event when it does not receive enough blood flow. However the most important job is filtration of blood. The kidney works to filter out toxins, especially chemicals that are formed as a result of cells using energy. The kidneys also work to maintain the balance of electrolytes within the body which can be lost during exercise. Cells need a good balance of electrolytes such as sodium and potassium within the body. If one kidney fails the other one is enough to maintain the body however if both fail to work it is a major issue and it causes problems as the kidney cannot filter the blood. How does a renal dialysis work: A dialysis machine tries to mimic some of the functions of a normal human kidney. One of the jobs of a kidney is to remove urea and some salts from the blood so they can leave the body in the urine. In a dialysis machine, blood from the patient runs through tubes made of a semi-porous membrane. Outside the tubes is a sterile solution made up of water, sugars and other components. Red and white blood cells and other important blood components are too large to fit through the pores in the membranes this acts like the glomerlus in the bowman’s capsule where ultra filtration takes place, but urea and salt pass through membranes into the sterile solution and are removed, this is what happens in a normal functioning kidney the small molecules can pass through the glomerlus but proteins and cells cannot as they are too large. What is haemodialysis: Kidney failure, whether it is permanent or temporary, is mostly treated using renal dialysis, which kind of replaces the kidneys filtration function. One form of renal dialysis is called hemodialysis. With hemodialysis, the patient’s blood is run through a machine with a special filter that helps clean out the waste products. Once the blood has been filtered, it is allowed to return to the body. One of the difficulties of hemodialysis is that it takes place at special medical centres and we are short of machines. This means that the patient has to visit three times per week that lasts between three to five hours per session, this takes up a lot of time. What is peritoneal dialysis: Peritoneal dialysis is the other main form of renal dialysis. With peritoneal dialysis, a sterile cleansing fluid called dialysis solution is injected into the abdominal cavity. The abdominal cavity is lined by a membrane called the peritoneum, which allows the waste products and extra electrolytes to pass through it and travel to the dialysis solution. The dialysis solution also contains a sugar called dextrose, which helps speed the process up. After the solution has sat in the abdominal cavity for four to six hours, it is drained out. This process is repeated four times per day. This type of treatment can take place at home because it makes use of a catheter, which allows the patient to connect a bag of dialysis fluid to a tube that feeds directly into the peritoneal cavity. This treatment allows a person to be a bit more flexible however the patient still needs to do this treatment a few times a day which means it takes up time of a normal persons life. The benefits and risks of a kidney transplant: A kidney transplant is much better than staying on a dialysis machine. A kidney transplant means you can live a normal life, you won’t have to go to the hospital a few times a week to get treated and this wastes time as it takes 2-3 hours on a dialysis machine 3-4 times a week this means that you cannot go away. Someone who’s on a dialysis machine has to give up a lot of time and this may get in the way as they may have to cancel many things during their normal daily life. A kidney transplant gives the body a whole new kidney and works perfectly where as a dialysis machine can only mimic a few of the roles of a kidney. The risks of a kidney transplant are that the body may reject the kidney as it is foreign so a very close tissue match is required. After a person has had a kidney transplant they have to be on drugs for the rest of their life so that the body does not reject the kidney. Kidney transplants can also cause infections or bleeding which can dangerous. Donor cards: A donor card is a card that shows that a person has agreed to give away some  of the organs after they die, and this can be used for transplants. However there are issues, some people believe that it is religiously wrong to give away your organs after you die and this causes a lot of problems. A family member may have given consent to give away their organs when they die but after they die their family members may object and not allow it and this causes a lot of problems. There is a long list for transplants and it is very hard to receive a transplant, donors help quicken this service. In England it is optional to become a donor or not. Another issue may be about race some people will not wish to have an organ from someone else from another race or the donor may not wish to give their organs to someone else from another race or religion and this is another problem that causes delays and means there’s a shortage of donors. Definitions: Ultra filtration: A high pressure filtration through a semipermeable membrane in which colloidal particles are retained while the small sized solutes and the solvent are forced to move across the membrane by hydrostatic pressure forces. Ultrafiltration is a vital process that takes place in the kidneys. With ultrafiltration, large molecules (such as cells and proteins) that are essential are separated or filtered out to be reabsorbed. The ultrafiltrate, in turn, is passed through the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule, and a series of collecting ducts to form urine. Osmosis: Diffusion of a solvent (usually water molecules) through a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Selective reabsorption: The act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules and their return to the circ ulating blood. Microvilli: Any of the minute hairlike structures projecting from the surface of certain types of epithelial cells, especially those of the small intestine. Co-transport proteins: Facilitated diffusion: Transport of substances across a biological membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration by means of a carrier molecule. Since the substances move along the direction of their concentration gradients, energy is not required. Active transport: A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein. ADH: a peptide hormone released from the posterior pituitary lobe but synthesised in the hypothalamus. There are 2 forms, differing only in the amino acid at position 8: arginine vasopressin is widespread, while lysine vasopressin is found in pigs. Has antidiuretic and vasopressor actions. Used in the treatment of diabetes insipidus. Osmoregulation: The process of regulating water potential in order to keep fluid and electrolyte balance within a cell or organism relative to the surrounding. Counter-current multipliers: Resources used: http://www.livestrong.com/article/75374-renal-dialysis-work-those-kidney/ http://health.howstuffworks.com/medicine/tests-treatment/question17.htm